International relations

International relations is the way in which two or more nations interact with and regard each other, especially in the context of political, economic, or cultural relationships. It is the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political parties, and interest groups). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and philosophy.

International relations seeks to explain the interactions of nations in the global interstate system, as well as the interactions of people whose activity originates within one country and is directed at members of other countries. In a nutshell, the study of international relations is an attempt to understand behaviour that occurs across state lines, the broader relationships that such behaviour is a part of, and the institutions (private, state, nonprofit, and intergovernmental) that oversee such interactions. Explanations for this behaviour can be found at any level of human organisation. Some seek psychological and social-psychological explanations for why foreign politicians act the way they do. Others look at institutional processes and politics as elements that influence the externally directed goals and conduct of organisations.

Some topics of study in international relations that are still considered novel or of recent origin were already being vigorously explored in the interwar period. Indeed, a brief review of these topics tends to undermine the image of the interwar period as one dominated by moralistic ideas. The topics include the causes of wars; the relationship between international affairs and the problems of racial and ethnic minorities; the effects of population change on foreign policies; the effects of nationalism, imperialism, and colonialism; the strategic aspects of international relations, including the importance of geographic location and spatial relationships (geopolitics) for military power and the influence on governments of what later was called the “military-industrial complex”; the implications of economic inequalities between countries; and the role of public opinion, national differences, and cultural orientation in world affairs.

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